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	<title>Science &#38; SpaceCategory: Marine Life &#124; Science &#38; Space &#124; TIME.com</title>
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		<title>Science &#38; SpaceCategory: Marine Life &#124; Science &#38; Space &#124; TIME.com</title>
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		<title>Smart Fish: The Wisdom of Crowds—and Schools</title>
		<link>http://science.time.com/2013/01/31/smart-fish-the-wisdom-of-crowds-and-schools/</link>
		<comments>http://science.time.com/2013/01/31/smart-fish-the-wisdom-of-crowds-and-schools/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2013 13:10:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Veronique Greenwood</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Animals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marine Life]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[One of the most uncanny sights in nature is that of a school of fish, a seething, silvery mass of life thousands strong, darting and diving in perfect coordination. They skim the surface of a reef and take a hard right turn as one, only to divide and coalesce again when a predator plunges into their midst. To a human, it looks as if each fish has a tiny walkie-talkie and they are planning their next move en masse. But what looks smart on the school-wide scale may actually be rather simple on the single-fish scale. Over the years, scientists who study collective behavior have found that computer-simulated fish programmed to obey just a few simple rules, like staying a specific distance from the nearest neighbor fish, show exactly the same kind of choreographed fluidity as living schools do. The beautiful coordination is what scientists call emergent: it&#8217;s a complex-looking behavior that arises naturally out of many individuals each doing something rather simple. Now, in a new paper in Science, a team of researchers reports that another form of complex group behavior—keeping to the shadows in a pool with dappled light—can be achieved without the fish doing anything much more complicated than moving faster when the light falls on them and slower when they&#8217;re in the dark. What&#8217;s more, the greater the number of fish in the school, the better they are at staying in the dark, which the scientists suggest could mean that a large group has survival advantages over a small one. It&#8217;s the kind of observation that might not only contribute to our understanding of how swarms, schools, and flocks interact with their world, but also suggest new parameters for conservation. (MORE: Big Brains: What You and (Some) Guppies Have in Common) To investigate the dappled-pool phenomenon, Iain Couzin, a professor of evolutionary biology at Princeton University and the lead author of the paper, oversaw a study that involved a dark room outfitted with a broad, shallow fish tank and a ceiling-mounted projector. The projector shone light down<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=science.time.com&#038;blog=13785469&#038;post=13110&#038;subd=timeecocentric&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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	<primary_category>Marine Life</primary_category><primary_category_link>http://science.time.com/category/animals-2/marine-life-animals/</primary_category_link><featured_image>http://timeecocentric.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/goldenshiner.jpg?w=240</featured_image>
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			<media:title type="html">Golden Shiner</media:title>
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		<title>Denizens of the Deep: Alexander Semenov&#8217;s Pictures of Undersea Creatures</title>
		<link>http://science.time.com/2013/01/15/denizens-of-the-deep-alexander-semenovs-pictures-of-undersea-creatures/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2013 12:00:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Kari Collins</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Animals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Biology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecocentric]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marine Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wildlife]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ocean]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[photography]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[undersea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[world]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Growing up in Russia, Alexander Semenov was fascinated by the undersea world. For most of us, a few trips to the aquarium and the occasional scuba dive would be enough to scratch that itch. But Semenov has gone a little further. A 2007 graduate of Moscow State University, Semenov is a zoologist who works at the White Sea Biological Station (WSBS) in northwestern Russia, a major base for marine science research and sustainable coastal management. Semenov is chief of the diving team, which allows him to indulge his love of the deep. &#8220;When I had the opportunity to go diving and see all these things with my own eyes, it was like a dream come true,&#8221; he told me in an email. &#8220;This is another universe, very close to us.&#8221; But what sets Semenov apart is his ability behind a lens. He&#8217;s one of the best undersea photographers working today, and with his camera he&#8217;s been able to bring back images of that other universe, and the strange creatures that call it home. It isn&#8217;t easy—he points out that the conditions of taking photographs deep underwater can be technically complex. Some of the sealife he shoots are virtually transparent, and tiny—less than an inch in size. And of course, as a diver in the open water, Semenov is shooting without any support, simply floating in the water column. (Beginning scuba divers, like me, know how difficult it is to stay still and balanced underwater while on a dive.) And this is in water that&#8217;s only a few degrees above freezing, when visibility is only a few feet at most. He also shoots in laboratory settings, which can be seen in the shots that follow. (PHOTOS: Australia&#8217;s Deep-Sea Creatures) As Semenov told me, though, there&#8217;s something special about photographing in the deep: At the depth in the dark, among the endless muddy fields suspended by one awkward movement, there are a lot of difficulties. But after a few years of work under the water, it all moves into the background, and<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=science.time.com&#038;blog=13785469&#038;post=12910&#038;subd=timeecocentric&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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	<primary_category>Wildlife</primary_category><primary_category_link>http://science.time.com/category/animals-2/wildlife/</primary_category_link><featured_image>http://timeecocentric.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/4042922323_e8ff3bfcb7_o.jpg?w=240</featured_image>
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			<media:title type="html">Sea Creatures</media:title>
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